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(Redirected from 9-track)

Full-size reel of 9 track tape.
The IBM System/360, released in 1964, introduced what is now generally known as 9 track tape. The magnetic tape is 1/2 inch (12.65 mm) wide, with 8 data tracks and one parity track for a total of 9 parallel tracks. Data is stored as 8-bit characters, spanning the full width of the tape (including the parity bit). Various recording methods are used to place the data on tape, depending on the tape speed and data density, including PE (phase encoding), GCR (group code recording) and NRZI (non-return-to-zero, inverted, sometimes pronounced "nur-zee").
The standard size of a byte was effectively set at 8 bits with the S/360 and 9 track tape.
Contents
1 Typical operation
2 Technical details
3 IBM generations
3.1 2400 Series
3.2 3400 Series
4 Examples
5 Standards
6 Other drive manufacturers
7 Media manufacturers
8 References
9 External links
//
Typical operation

9 Track tape drive

Inside a 9 Track tape drive. The vacuum columns are the two gray rectangles in the left.
A typical 9-track unit consisted of a tape transportssentially all the mechanics that moved tape from reel to reel past the read/write and erase headsnd supporting control and data read/write electronics. The transport typically consisted of supply motor, take-up motor, hubs for locking the tape reels in place, a capstan motor (though not necessarily a pinch roller, see below), tape head assembly, miscellaneous rollers which kept the tape in a precise path during operation, and vacuum columns. Problems with wow and flutter, stretched tape, etc could result in corrupted data. The transport had to guide the tape with low tension on the tape without damaging the tape edges, but with enough tension to keep the tape in constant contact with the read/write head.
To load a tape, an operator would remove the protective ring on the outside of the tape reel and install the tape on the supply hub, then thread the tape leader through the various roller assemblies and onto the take-up reel, installing three or four winds of tape to provide enough friction for the take-up motor to be able to pull the tape. The operator then initiated an automatic sequence, often by a single press of a button, that would start the vacuum system, then move the tape forward until the beginning-of-tape (BOT) foil strip was detected by an optical sensor in the tape path. The control electronics would then indicate to the controlling computer that the unit was ready for operation.
Like its audio counterpart, moving tape past the read/write heads on 9-track digital required precise control, accomplished by a capstan motor. The capstan motor was designed for very smooth operation. Feedback to the control electronics was accomplished by a tachometer, usually an optical "tone wheel", to control tape velocity. Starting and stopping the capstan was controlled by ramp generators to ensure a properly sized inter-record gap, the gap between blocks of information.
The vacuum system provided a physical buffer between the precision movements of the capstan and the large movements of the reels by storing a short length of tape in the vacuum column under relatively low tension. The vacuum columns were chambers open at one end, the openings being in line with the tape path before and after the capstan and roller assemblies. The amount of tape in the column was controlled by four optical or vacuum sensors on the sides of the columns. The control electronics kept the curve of the tape loop between the two inner sensors, cueing the supply reel to feed more or the take-up reel to take more as necessary. The outer two sensors, at the very top and bottom of the columns, served to sense malfunctions in the feed mechanism during operation, prompting the control electronics to shut off all operation of the tape transport and vacuum system to prevent damaging the tape. Because of the tension provided by the vacuum columns and the design of the tape path, tape was usually kept in sufficient contact with the a relatively high-friction coating on the capstan that a pinch roller was not used.
Tape motion on many systems was bidirectional, i.e., tape could be read either forward or backward at the request of the controlling computer. Because the supply vacuum column kept a small, constant tension in the reverse direction, the capstan could feed backwards without the tape bunching up or jumping out of path. Unlike most audio tape systems, the capstan and head assemblies were always in contact with the tape, even during fast forward and rewind operations. On some units, manufacturers installed a "fast search" capability which could move the tape quickly a certain number of blocks, then bring the tape to a halt and go back to read the requested data at normal speed.
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